Explaining First Language Acquisition Essay

An essay explaining First Language Acquisition What is the most realistic theory that explains human being’s acquisition of their First Language? Considering the varying theories and perspective on how 1st language is learned, it is evident that no single theory can fully account for the complexity of the issue: How 1st language is learned. Based on the previous discussions and scholarly readings we had however, I am beginning to develop a conviction that Innatist theory holds the most realistic and consistent explanation among theories presented on how human beings acquire their â€Å"mother tongue†. The Innatist view also known as the Nativist pioneered by Noam Chomsky laid out an explanation that every child possesses innate knowledge of language structure (universals) to detect and reproduce his or her 1st language. (Lightbown & Spada, 2006, p. 16). According to Chomsky, we all possess Language Acquisition Device that has predestined people to use spoken language, and makes us the only beings that can use spoken language. I think this is generally true. No one can argue that human beings are the only species on earth that uses spoken language. Many researches in the past tried to incorporate and teach animals to use any kind and forms of human language but all attempts have failed. I also have observed that the rest of the perspectives (theories) offered in the module namely; connectivist, constructivist, developmentalist and cognitivist are just â€Å"rehash† or mixtures and modified versions of behaviorist and innatist view. Thus, the only two outstanding theories and have original ideas that main served as pillars in First Language acquisition are namely behaviorism and innatism. Although these two opposing theories offers great insights in learning L1, innatist’s perspective is much more comprehensive and consistent than that of the behaviorist. First, behaviorism is mechanical since neither conscious awareness nor intent is assumed to be operational in the learner. In contrast, innatism is realistic rather than mechanical since it does consider a child as an inert recipient. Furthermore, the behaviorist doesn’t include or advocate the critical period of learning, while innatism takes into account some of critical period hypotheses. Universal grammar is also true in most cases. People who didn’t undergo formal instructions or any forms of schooling still learn the complexity of their native language. Finally, I think Chomsky’s ideas explained the facts in a way that no other theories can. Acquiring language is not a normal mental problem. Everyone sees small children pick up language effortlessly. Few, however, notices what an amazing phenomenon this is. Rarely any one would expect a four-year-old to master calculus. Yet most people would not in be surprised when a four-year-old learns grammar, which is a difficult task. Children learn the rules of their native grammar by hearing a limited set of sample sentences. In addition, the limited information they receive is mathematically insufficient for them to determine grammatical principles, yet somehow they are still able to do so. Reference: Lightbown, P. M. , & Spada N. (2006). How Language are Learned: Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers. (3rd ed. ) Oxford University Press

Advantage and Disadvantage of Owning Bicycle

It's easy to see the advantages of owning bicycle in close city for example Eskisehir. It has a lot of advantages on a lot of titles, although it has disadvantages about many titles. One of the main advantages of owning bicycle has not problem about traffic. you can ride a bike where cars is not driven and you can enter narrow street. another main advantage is being healtier than before cycling. you ride a bike with your leg and your leg's mussles also work and than it puts your blood pressure in order. In addition to this, fuel is unnecessary for cycling, so your money stays in your pocket. On the other hand cycling has some disadvantage. The main disadvantage is about weather so it is hard which is cycling at cold weather days especially in winter. Riding a bike can be responsible for getting cold. Another disadvantage is about speed. It is not for people who is loving speed also there is a problem about this title that it is very hard to go far away, cycling is for close towns. that is not all. there is one more problem about cycling that if you have an accident your body can be injured very badly. You can wear protect clothes although you may be injured very badly. In my opinion owning bicycle is good thing. In general, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. At least it is better than walking for transporting and than experts say that riding a bike one hour in a day is good for being healtier. The problem is that some people can be shy because of riding a bicycle but if you ask me I think they don't have to be shy for this transport style because it is not shameful thing. For this reason I invite everybody to cycle.

American Diet

A proper diet should be sufficient, reasonable and include a person’s other aspects, such as age, his food habits and food preferences. A proper diet should meet a person’s overall need for nutrition’s to maintain his overall health. Like all other people in different parts of the world, Americans have also become more health cautious and choosy about what they eat. People have become more concerned about the quality and safety of the food they consume. Awareness of nutritious foods has led to many people opting for organic, vegetarian and other healthy foods in the present market. â€Å"Lite food is in, and indulgence is out. But are Americans practicing what they preach?†(Line no.3, Dietary Trends, American) .   But different surveys indicate that, the diet consumed by majority of the people in America is still lacking in the required nutrition quantities, despite the health consciousness in people. Common Diet Of An American On an average every other youngster in America follow the same diet pattern, more than half of the Americans consume snack items or fast foods on a regular basis, which are high in calories. Consumption of fried chicken form KFC like chicken nuggets is also very high among youngsters. These snack items though very tasty are very high in salt and Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), which is very harmful.   The food that is easily available like potato chips, French fries and other canned and tinned foods also contain a high amount of salt to last for a long time, which is very risky to a persons health.   Consumption of cheese, meat, poultry and fish items have gone up compared to the past.   The reason for this can be that many youngsters either skip there breakfast or lunch, or tend to eat easy and fast food which is readily available in the market to overcome their hunger.All the fast foods are generally deep fried, high in sodium, fat and salt, low in minerals, vitamins and fiber, which are all the main cause for many diseases in Americans.   Some of the common diseases, which affect people who consume fast food are, asthma, autism, stress related problems, depression, cholesterol, diabetes, heart problems and obesity.   And adding to the woes, many KFC outlets offer discounts if a person purchases a larger quantity, which adds empty calories and results in eating more than the required amount, with lesser nutrients. Foods To Avoid The food available in most of the famous outlets for e.g. KFC, McDonald’s, Pizza Hut and other fast food outlets are some of the food that one should try to avoid.   Every person should try to avoid the following foods Sausages Scrambled Eggs, Grilled chicken, Hot and spicy chicken, pizza’s, hamburger’s, hotdog’s, French fries, other soups that contain soy sauce, noodles, pasta, white bread, tinned or canned food, instant soup and noodles mix, beef items, processed cheese, salad dressings, potato chips, canned tuna, yeast, dry mushrooms and other salty items. One should remember that, any food, which is high in salt, is also high in MSG.   Every person should carefully read the label to know what the tin contains, before purchasing any food item.   People should also avoid consuming sugar, sweets, aerated, soft drinks and sweetened dishes like pastries, cookies etc. which are high in calories. On an average, the percentage of people consuming soft drinks has been on an alarming rise compared to the past.   Every person who goes to work has a ready soft drink on his desk, to quench his thirst.   It has become impossible for the Government to estimate the soft drink consumption on an annual basis.Foods To Include Important changes in a person’s diet and lifestyle may go a long way in improving one’s health. People should be more inclined to consume raw food, food that has more fiber, fresh fruits and food that is not sprayed with any chemicals or contains any preservatives.   People should be encouraged to consume whole wheat bread, brown rice, legumes and more fresh leafy vegetables, which are high in fiber and more filling.   Foods that are rich in omega-3 and 6 fatty acids are very good for the health, e.g. sardines, mackerel, walnuts, olive oil, canned tuna in olive oil, flaxseeds are very good sources of these acids. An example of a proper vegetarian diet should include fresh fruits, vegetable, whole grains, nuts, eggs, skimmed milk, legumes and trimmed meat or other poultry. Care should be taken to include the necessary vitamins, which are not found in the above-mentioned food. To add more flavor to salad dressings lemon juice, pepper powder, ginger, rosemary and garlic can be used, instead of salt. Oils like, almond, canola, sunflower, flaxseed, olive and sesame oil can be used for cooking.   Taking homemade soups or salads before every meal, is more filling and helps us to eat less in the main course, which helps in not putting on empty calories. People should try to avoid skipping meals and eating at fast food centers and restaurants, and make it a habit to eat proper healthy and hygienically home-cooked meals, which are high in nutrients and fiber. One should avoid eating a meal in front of the television, as we may tend to eat more than the required quantity of food.   A combination of a healthy and nutritious diet, with proper exercise, good fitness, a positive attitude towards life and a healthy and happy lifestyle is the perfect remedy to every young American.Works CitedDietary Trends, American, 20 February 2007, http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Diab-Em/Dietary-Trends-American.html.What Foods to Avoid, 20 February 2007, http://www.msgtruth.org/avoid.htm.

Early childhood education and communication Essay

Early childhood education and communication - Essay Example Communication starts at the time of birth and it ends only at the time of death. In education, teacher student communication is extremely important especially in early childhood education. A teacher with who has immense knowledge and academic credentials may not succeed in his profession if he has poor communication skills. Whatever the knowledge a teacher possesses, should be transferred to the students for the effective learning of students and communication is the only channel which is helping the teachers in doing so. â€Å"Learning is a process of information transfer and reception†(Information and communication Technologies in teacher education, 2002, p.18). Early childhood (from 0 to 5 years) is a period in which rapid child development happens. People often say that whatever the practices or knowledge learned during this period will remain in the minds of the child till the end of his life. Children during their early childhood spend majority of their time in schools. Since most of the current parents are working professionals, current children are getting less knowledge from their parents and school is the place from where they expect new information and knowledge. In short, elementary school teachers have huge responsibilities in shaping the future generation in the right direction. I do believe that elementary school teachers should have good communication skills in order to transfer their knowledge to the children. Importance of communication in teaching elementary school children Elementary school education requires the combined effort of teachers, parents and the caregivers. Children during their early childhood may not know the importance of education and teachers have the responsibility of informing the parents about the progress of the children in the classroom. â€Å"One way a preschool educator can communicate with parents is through a classroom newsletter. While a weekly newsletter is ideal, a biweekly or monthly newsletter is more realistic and easier for to accomplish† (Stewart, 2008) Newsletters can be used effectively by the preschool teachers to communicate properly with the parents of the children. These newsletters should contain enough information about the progress of the child in the classroom. Moreover it should contain details of home works children needs to be done with the help of their parents. The involvement of parents in the study of their children is the most i mportant thins thing in preschool education and for that purpose preschool teachers should communicate properly with the parents. Such preschool teacher parent communication will make the parents aware of the importance of works done in the classroom. Apart from new letters, periodical parent-teacher conferences are necessary to assess the progress of the children. In this conference, the teacher should provide the in depth details about the progress of the children to the parents. Newsletters cannot reflect the exact details about the progress of the children whereas face to face meetings between the teacher and the parents are necessary for the comprehensive discussion about the progress of the children. Teachers with poor communication skills may not arrange such conferences frequently and parents may not get enough information about their child’s progress. On the other hand, teachers with good communication skills will always arrange bimonthly or quarterly parent-teacher conferences to discuss the progress of the children. A parent teacher conference is a great way for parents and early childhood educators to get together to discuss the child in depth. One can listen to the parents as they voice their concerns about certain areas of their child’

The role of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The role of Human Resource Management - Essay Example A case study near a large business company shows the difficulty in evaluating this contribution being given the strategic lack of legitimacy of the HRM and the absence of tested criteria of evaluation of its results. In this line, we will discuss the approach exposed by De Cieri and al. (2003) which deals with the problem of HRM in Australia, in term of strategy, people and performance. The approach by the resources constitutes one of the theoretical bases of the strategic human resources management (SHRM) which aims at developing the collective effectiveness of the employees in order to achieve the goals of the company (De Cieri et al. 2003; Truss and Gratton, 1994; Wright and McMahan, 1992). This approach seems relevant to clarify the bond which exists between the human capital, the practices in human resources and the performance of the firm (Delery and Shaw, 2001; McMahan and al, 1999). It supports the renewed interest for the personal element as a source of durable competing advantage while placing the immaterial resources with the row of the strategic credits, making it possible the company to acquire an advantage with respect to its rivals (Boxall, 1996, 1999; Coff, 1997; Gratton, 1999; Kamoche, 1996; Truss, 2001). The perennially and the success of the company constitute the interest shared by all the agents of stakes in the company (Louarn and Wils, 2001). According to the approach by the resources, the organisational performance appears through the creation of a durable competing advantage founded on a human capital highly qualified and highly implied, regarding to a whole HR practices, and through the formulation and the placement of a dynamic HR strategy and futurology (Bamberger and Meshoulam, 2000; Hagan, 1996; Lado and Wilson, 1994; Snell and al, 2000), allowing to have knowledge and competences necessary to face the current and future challenges, and at the favourable time. Thus, any choice judicious of the HR practices to be created and their coherence with the strategy of the company can confer a better performance (Delery and Doty, 1996; Kamoche, 1996). On this subject, numbers empirical studies tried to prove the bond between on the one hand systems the not easily imitable HR pract ices and on the other hand the organisational performance (Arthur, 1994; Becker and GeHRart, 1996; Delaney and Huselid, 1996; Gardner and Al, 2000; Huselid, 1995; MacDuffie, 1995). Some of these studies led to detect this bond, and approved it in spite of some methodological limit and of recognized errors of measurement (Boudreau and Ramstad, 1999; Wright and al, 2001). Moreover, one will try through this article to discuss the approach of De Cieri and al. (2003) which deals with the problem of HRM of resources in Australia, in term of strategy, people and performance. If one refers to the works of De Cieri and al. (2003), it seems to be important to announce that the goal of the text is to give a clear and methodical vision of an intellectual, strategic and practical approach of the human stock management. It is significant to assign also that the work is based on a major academic study as well of theoretical as empirical point, through concrete example cases. Indeed, the work

Analyze marketing strategy on article Research Paper

Analyze marketing strategy on article - Research Paper Example In this essay, attention will be focused upon the marketing strategy that apple has used in order for it to be a successful business venture (Smith, Pulford & Berry, 2006). Looking at the marketing strategy, it is clear to anyone that the success of apple is because of the marketing strategy that they use. The product line and the design standards of their products is far too appealing and very user friendly. Using the marketing strategy, they have been able to hold on to their customers and are still attracting more customers with their products. This marketing strategy was used by apple because they want to have an appealing effect and affect on the consumer. Their product lines and designs are unique, and it is because of CEO’s philosophy that they have managed to come this far. The philosophy, which states â€Å"The user doesn’t always know what they want†, has enabled the company to be successful. The marketing strategy that the company uses is user friendly , economical, unique in its own sense and offers a variety of choices for consumers. The marketing strategy in question offers the best service and products availability, quantity and quality and enables the company to deliver to its numerous consumers and users (Schneiders, 2011).   2. The marketing strategy on this article is perfect. ... First of all, they ignored their critics. Critics are those who do not favor the success of the company and do not see the business succeeding (Viardot, 2004). Through the company’s marketing strategies, critics saw their views fail as the company has become successful more than it was before. Ignoring the critics was one way through which success came to find its way in the company. Apple is a company that mainly deals with the appearance of their products. From the iPads, iPhones and iPods, apple has managed to attract customers because they have put attention on the detail of their products (Schneiders, 2011). Their products are ordinary, but through their marketing strategy, they have managed to turn these ordinary products into something worth praise. The details of their products are more than standard. They have pioneered their products into something worth note and have reinvented their products into something more credible. Products like the iMac, Macbook Air and the iPhone 4 are some of the products that are worth noting. These products have been created with the intention of pleasing customers and users (Viardot, 2004).   Another aspect that was taken into consideration by the company is their pricing. The pricing of a product is very important when it comes to ensuring that the company’s products acquire market. Strategic pricing of a product makes a difference between a company’s success and failure. Pricing of a commodity is significant since it offers a foundation for the products of a company to be available in the market. It is through the pricing of products that consumers and user are retained while still managing to attract more

Villa Building and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Villa Building and Construction - Essay Example The bungalow will be of plinth area of 6800 sq ft, accommodating 4 bedrooms, two in the ground floor of 21.5 ft x 23 ft and 19.5 ft x 20 ft dimensions and two in the first floor of 21 ft x 23 ft and 19.5 x 20 ft dimensions, all with bath, closets attached, Great Room - Living, Dining and Kitchen of 30 ft x 40 ft , with two stone fire places, cherry cabinets and big screen HDTV,two wet bars with sit outs annexed, and a basement area with provision for physical work out and indoor games. Project scope defines what the project is going to accomplish as related to its budget. Budget includes time and money. It covers project size, goals, and requirements. Should there arise a change in the scope, corresponding change in the budget becomes inevitable. For example, if the project scope is to construct the servant's quarters with a budget of $ 50,000, then the project manager is expected to do that. Just in case, the project manager is asked to change the specifications of the quarters, say, adding another room in the servant's quarters, then the project scope gets changed. The budget is also to be changed correspondingly. From these quotes, one can understand that Quality in any situation is meeting the user's expectation. ... In our project the following can be classified as cycled activities: 1. Think tank meetings, involving reviews and revisions 2. Building construction work, at different stages. 1.04 Typical non-cycled activities Typical non cycled activities in our project are 1. Buying of land for construction of villa 2. Buying of furnishings at the final stage. Complete the following questions: 1.05 Describe the following broad project objectives: Scope. Project scope defines what the project is going to accomplish as related to its budget. Budget includes time and money. It covers project size, goals, and requirements. Should there arise a change in the scope, corresponding change in the budget becomes inevitable. For example, if the project scope is to construct the servant's quarters with a budget of $ 50,000, then the project manager is expected to do that. Just in case, the project manager is asked to change the specifications of the quarters, say, adding another room in the servant's quarters, then the project scope gets changed. The budget is also to be changed correspondingly. Scope of this project is to build a Villa of 6800 sq ft plinth area, on a budgeted cost of $ 3,000,000 to be completed in 17 months. Quality "Quality is fitness for use" - J.M. Juran "Quality is meeting or exceeding customer expectations at a cost that represents a value to them." - H. James Harrington "Quality should be defined as surpassing customer needs and expectations throughout the life of the product." - Howard Gitlow and Shelley Gitlow [Neville Turbit, (Sept 2004) 08-03-2009()] From these quotes, one can understand that Quality in any situation is meeting the user's expectation. If one

Public international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Public international law - Essay Example The result is often referred to as crystallization.3 In general, national courts are not expected to apply national legislation in a way that is inconsistent with international treaties, but there is no expectation that the inconsistent legislation is deemed null and void.4 This may sound simple enough. However, since law is not a science, national courts are not always consistent in their respective approaches to customary international law.5 Essentially, the problem begins with national constitutions. National courts must first begin by reference to their own constitutions.6 National constitutions determine the status of international law within the national legal order.7 In this paper, the difficulties implicit in national constitutions in shaping and defining the relationship between national law and international law are examined in the context of the UK’s constitution. The extent to which the reciprocal application of international and national laws by national courts an d international tribunals function effectively, is compromised by the interpretation of and application of international treaties at the domestic level. ... Complicating matters, some constitutions may even fail to incorporate international treaties.8 The UK provides an even more interesting enigma in that it does not have a written constitution. The UK’s constitution is comprised of a convention, common law and various statutory instruments.9 The difficulty for the UK, is manifested by the fact that state constitutions will generally direct how and where an international treaty stands in relation to national statutes. For instance, if the treaty is to prevail over national statutes where there is a conflict between the two, the Constitution will make this declaration. The UK’s constitutional conventions however, do not make any such declaration but merely establishes that Parliament remains supreme and has the ability to make and repeal any law.10 The UK’s unwritten constitution is usually characterized as dualist in nature, although there is evidence that the UK’s constitution is also monist in nature.11 By way of background, the relationship between international law and national law is fraught by two primary concerns. The first is theoretical in nature and commands attention to whether or not pursuant to the monist doctrine, both legal regimes form part of the international legal regime, or whether they are two different legal regimes according to the dualist doctrine. The second concern is practical in nature and involves ascertaining the approach for resolving conflicts in international and national law.12 The theoretical and practical implications for the relationship between national and international law from the perspective of the UK’s constitution are compromised in that the UK’s national courts do not have a constitutional document by which to determine the

Microsoft Company and how its foundation impacts the world Assignment

Microsoft Company and how its foundation impacts the world - Assignment Example Some of these programs include helping people in case of disasters; human rights and online safety are the other ways the firm commits to the CSR programs. Sadly, the opposite happens when a firm fails in realising as much profit as it should especially in the case of Microsoft. Since the company is evidently committed to its CSR programs, it is imperative that constant analysis of its strategies and other factors be carried out. In this paper, the purpose is to analyse Microsoft Company and the effects of its foundation in the world. Microsoft is a US-based multinational company that specialises in computer technology including software, personal computers and consumer electronics. Some of the best software products include Microsoft windows, Microsoft Office, internet explorer and Office suite. Recently the firm entered into the hardware products including Xbox games tablet, Microsoft Surface. Other services the firm offers including Internet search program, Bing. The company was founded in 1975 by two men, Bill gates and Paul Allen, and is currently headquartered in Redmond, Washington (Carter et al, p.1634). The company’s market share started sharing in the 80s when it produced an operating system called, MS-DOS. The production of Microsoft Windows elevated the company. The number of products it has produced since its inception has evidenced the firm’s commitment to innovation. In the case of operating systems, the company embraced innovation by releasing several versions including Windows XP, Windows vista, Windows 7 and the most recent windows 8 and 8.1. After buying Nokia’s devices, Microsoft has shown great commitment to mobile phone users by enabling windows 8 to be accessible through mobile phones (Pittel, p.63). The market share for Microsoft is has remained the highest among the other firms in the same industry. Additionally, besides

Standardising HR practice in IT company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Standardising HR practice in IT company - Essay Example However, the situation might be a little bit complicated when it comes to handling manpower in the multinational company, which has operations in all over the world with different cultures and values. Globalisation is a very important concept. Knowing it fully will pave way to understanding how entirely a multinational level company should operate. Clive (2001) defined multinational companies as those with strategies and ability to organise allowing them to become sensitive and responsive to variation in national environments worldwide. From this definition, it is clear that the complexity in handling multinational company is taken into consideration. Paralleling the culture and technological innovations of recent time has been the most important development of a global business.For instance, the fact that there are differences of culture and other environmental factors from one country to another is a very important issue that the human resource department should take into consideration as far as the operation of company is concerned on a global basis. In the early 1990s, the IT Company as a large multinational organisation with relatively powerful independence was structured around geographical areas. This lead to different Human Resource (HR) policies that existed between countries where IT Company existed and this resulted further to different HR practices in areas such as training, pay and flexitime. In the early 1990s due to emerging global and local competition, IT Company experienced economic trouble. With this, the organisation tried to change its business and organisational structure. The decision-making authority of local managers was reduced and responsibility transferred to Paris and to the US as regional headquarters where regional managers have the total control on decision making process. In addition to this, business units were instituted which the purpose

Role of Roman Emperors in the Spread of Christianity Essay Example for Free

Role of Roman Emperors in the Spread of Christianity Essay The very cruelty and hate of Christianity that various Roman emperors exhibited actually worked in favor of that religion. As it is said, The blood of martyrs is the seed of the Church, for in many ways, persecution was beneficial to the new religion. Persecution gave the Christians a chance to flex their spiritual muscles, which many did, to great effect. The miracles that took place during these martyrdoms converted many of the pagans, which in turn led to more martyrdoms. Persecution served, essentially, to strengthen the faith of those already Christians, and to convert those who were not. By the very cruelties with which the emperors attempted to crush the young religion they actually aided it. But one emperor who supported christianity is the one who played the biggest role among all emperors in spreading christianity. His name was Constantine. Constantine was a hugely influential emperor who changed the course of history and greatly affected the spread and development of Christianity. During Constantines reign, Roman art became less realistic. Simple and massive effects were preferred over classical forms and styles, and so art became more stylised. This culminated in the Christian era of artwork that would follow. For the next twelve years, Constantine and Licenius shared the government of the Empire. Constantine, convinced of the power of his vision and subsequent victory in battle, was the first Roman Emperor to adopt Christianity. Christians were still persecuted at this time, and so in 313 Constantine issued an official edict of toleration. The Edict of Milan not only protected Christians, but granted greater rights to followers of all religions. In 324 the Empire faced many difficulties, and Constantine defeated Licinius and became the sole Emperor. As the emperor, Constantine quickly moved the capital of the Roman empire from Rome to Constantinople (now known as Istanbul). In 325, Constantine assembled the Council at Nicaea with a group of bishops. The counsel debated many doctrinal points concerning Christianity, and created the Nicaean creed to unify Christian doctrine and practices. Some common beliefs of the early Christian church were at this point voted against and eradicated from the Churchs teachings. This was the first time that church and state began to merge, and that the imperial office was used to strengthen a church. For Constantine, his motivations were probably as much political as religious. The number of Christians was increasing within the empire, as was the influence of the church. Merging the two strengthened the power of both. From Constantines rule on, Christianity was the official religion of the empire. The Christian Church was granted tax exempt status, and Roman coins issued during this period have a cross on them. Although Constantine had long supported Christianity, he was not baptized until he was on his deathbed. He died in 337. Constitine, who was the Emperor of Rome was a Pagan. Before going into battle he thought he saw Jesus initials in the clouds and determined it was an omen and had his men put those initials on their shields. Well, Constitine won that battle and subsequently summoned all priests of stature into Rome to create the Bible. They went through the various books that had been written and pared that big pile of writings down into what became the bible. Constitine then proclaimed that christianity was the official religion of Rome and the Roman Empire.

Sprinting speed Essay Example for Free

Sprinting speed Essay My aim is to undertake a 6 week exercise programme to improve my sprinting speed I will do this by doing a 6 week circuit training programme with activities specifically important to improve my arm strength as I need stronger arms to pump faster and for more power. My deltoids and Trapezius possibly my Latisimuss Dorsi for the same reason. My overall torso muscles as you need strong pectoral and abdominal muscles for sprinting. My legs so my hamstring and quadriceps obviously needed for sprinting I will build these muscles to get the maximum power that can be achieved also I will need my gastro neumus for the same reason. All these activities that I undertake will be directly needed for my chosen sport sprinting. Flexibility and muscle endurance will also be built up over this period of time. Aspects of fitness that I will need in sprinting  Muscular endurance: my muscular endurance is quite good as you will see from my first table of results so I will not focus too much on improving this although getting it up will help my overall speed and it will go up with time as I complete the circuits.  Flexibility: my flexibility is quite poor so I will need to get this up mainly just by simple and more complex stretches at the start and end of my circuits. As better flexibility helps for longer strides and therefore longer strides mean a faster pace. I do not expect my flexibility to go up dramatically as my exercises arent focused on this aspect of fitness. Strength and power: are the main aspects I will need to improve. Both of these are quite strong for me but to get a faster sprinting speed I will need to improve them further and I expect a positive increase by the end of my 6 weeks which is why most of my exercises will be focused upon this aspect of fitness.  Why I am doing this 6 week programme. I am doing this programme to improve my overall sprinting speed and my power.  Who decides? I decide all the activities I do and the results are just for me there is no limit or expectation this is purely about my results nobody elses. Im the one deciding everything as Im the one who is going to be doing all the exercises and who knows my capabilities better than me. (Rhetorical question.) My personal profile My name is Bob Rose born 29/11/1991 I am 15 years of age. My Somatype is mesomorph. I am 60kg, 173cm. My sprinting speed for the 100ms last measured as 12.13 seconds.These are what exercises I shall be doing and how many each two weeks in my circuits each set will be repeated 3 times a day so weeks 1/2 I shall do that amount 3 times for a days circuit but its broken up like that to makes things easier and not so boring. Then weeks 3/4 I do the same thing etc same with weeks 5/6. The exercises I am doing and what part of the body they will be exercising  Exercise 1. Dips these are a fairly easy exercise to do but after a lot of them you get cramps in your triceps which is the area you are working on in this exercise. A very good exercise for arm strength. Area G on the labeled picture above.  Exercise 2. Shuttle sprints are quite a difficult exercise as they demand using the whole body just about a tiring exercise but very good for building muscular endurance. This is the perfect exercise for me to improve my sprinting speed as this is sprinting just over shorter distances for longer. This exercise improves cardiovascular fitness. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups all. Exercise 3. Burpees are a very difficult exercise that requires nearly full body like shuttle sprints but this needs more power and effort to complete successfully. Burpees are very tiring but they are one of the best methods of training overall muscular strength and endurance for the fact that they use the whole body in a straining exercise that can be done at a quick enough pace to hurt a lot. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups all. Exercise 4: Toe skipping is simply just skipping on your toes the idea that this keeps the gastro neumus fully tensed for the duration that you do the exercise so therefore it doesnt get the chance to relax. So this exercise builds your gastro neumus, quadriceps and hamstrings but mainly the gastro neumus. This improves the stamina and power from the legs so the capability to run further, faster and longer. No picture needed as we all know what skipping looks like. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups D and J.  Exercise 5: Wall squats are a painful and fairly difficult exercise over a period of 1-5mins the exercise builds the quadriceps and hamstrings as the main part of development therefore useful for building power and endurance as this is a long timed exercise in most cases. A ball can be used to increase the strain on the legs. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups D and J. Exercise 6: Squat thrust are exactly like a burpee without the jump at the end a lot less tiring but still a moderately difficult exercise. Builds the same area as the burpee but puts more strain on the pectorals, abdominals and Latisimuss Dorsi as there is no jump to relieve pressure. No picture needed. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups D A and H.  Exercise 7: Bench jumps are quite self explanatory as you just jump over benches either with just one leg so more like running over but not touching them jumping with one leg then switching the leg you are jumping on or the hardest way is to jump with both legs in the air and raising the knees pretty much as high as possible for every jump. This exercise builds quadriceps, hamstrings and gastro neumus as the main areas used are your legs it is a fairly easy exercise but when done in a circuit with other leg exercises like the one I did it can be found very difficult as the repetition of lifting your legs puts a lot of effort. It also builds muscular endurance as it is you normally bench jump 50+ times so it helps improve endurance in the legs which is very important for my main aim to improve my sprinting speed. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is group E and J the gastro neumus is not labeled. Exercise 8: Sit ups are when you go from lying down with your legs at an angle and feet flat on the floor then from this position you put your hands by the side of your head and raise your torso until your elbows touch your knees. This exercise improves abdominal muscle significantly which therefore helps tone the abs and lose any fat helping me to sprint faster also more power can be exerted with stronger abdominals. To improve the degree of difficulty you can add a twist so one elbow touches the opposite knee and keep repeating this also twists the abs therefore making the exercise harder. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is group D. Exercise 9: Press ups the press up is were you go from a face down position with your toes on the floor and hands only and then raise and lower yourself repetitively. This exercise builds the biceps, triceps, pectorals, latisimuss dorsi, trapezius and deltoids. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups A, B, C, G, H and F. This is important as it will improve my arm and shoulder muscle therefore resulting in me being able to produce more power through my shoulders and arms. Exercise 10: The dreaded chin up I myself found this exercise not too bad as I have a bar at home but do not be fooled this is along with the burpee the hardest exercise in the book as you are hanging from a bar with your palms facing you and a wide arm posture you then bring yourself up to the bar so that your chin is level or slightly above the bar. Then you lower yourself slowly and repeat the exercise. This exercise puts a lot of strain on the arms and shoulders and that is what is holding your whole body weight. The muscles improved are the deltoids, trapezius, biceps, triceps, latisimuss dorsi, and to some extent the pectorals and abdominals as they tend to be quite tensed during the exercise. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups A, B, C, G, H, F and D.

Principles of Paediatric Nursing Practice | Case Study

Principles of Paediatric Nursing Practice | Case Study This essay will reflect on the principles of nursing practice in relation to my practice experience. A case study of a child and family I provided with care is presented in this essay and shall discuss how the care provided to the child and his family reflects the three principles of nursing applied during this episode of care. This shall demonstrate my knowledge of the principles of care based on evidence-based literature. In addition, the professional, legal and ethical frameworks that guide nursing will be explored. Furthermore, I will discuss the implications in relation to my future role as a child nurse highlighting my rationale behind the selected child and family. In this essay, I shall maintain confidentiality by using pseudonyms when referring to individuals and organisations involved in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery code for professional practice (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008). I will be using the name Andrew when referring to the patient. Principles of nursing practice involve eight statements published by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN 2012). These principles apply to all nursing staff and tell what the public can expect from nursing practice, whether they are patients, families, friends or carers of patient (Watterson et al 2012). According to RCN (2012) the principles of nursing practice were developed by patients, nurses and others involved in healthcare to put in place values that can be supported by everyone. This was introduced by the RCN incorporation with the NMC, Patient and Service Organisation and the Department of Health (DOH). They were put in place to show service users and their families what they are to expect from nursing practice regardless of whether the provider is a registered nurse, practitioner, nursing student or health care assistant (RCN 2010). The principles of nursing practice consist of eight principles which provide a dominant framework for achieving good quality nursing care and exce llent nursing’s involvement to improve healthcare outcomes and patient experiences (Manley et al 2011). These also explain how nurses must treat their patients with humanity and dignity, be responsible for care provided, manage risks, keep their knowledge and skills up to date, provide person centred care, communicate with their patients and work collaboratively with other health and social care professionals (Calkin 2010). The chief executive and general secretary of RCN highlighted how unique these principles are and how they bring the public together in one place and the expectations of nurses. He also pointed out how the principles have been designed to help patients, carers, nursing staff, organisations and decision-makers to know exactly what quality nursing care should look like (Carter 2010). The NMC Code of Professional Conduct encourages health care professionals to provide high standard care and all care givers are expected to work within its framework and guidelines (Dolan and Bolt 2008). The code of is a set of rules that all nurses and midwives should follow in order to provide good practice and it also reminds them of their professional responsibilities. The code highlights the behaviour, ethics and performance expected from nurses and midwives in United Kingdom. The main purpose of the code is to safeguard the well-being and safety of the public. According to the NMC Code care givers must respect everyone and treat them with dignity. It also encourages nurses to take special care when vulnerable people are concerned (Herman Miller 2012). The code is also used as a tool to see if a nurse or midwife is fit to practise when their fitness to practise is questioned (Goldsmith 2011).The code is used as a guide for daily practice for nurses and midwives. The NMC also has other standard, guidance and advice alongside the code that are used to support professional development. During my practice placement, I provided care to Andrew, a new born baby who was admitted to the ward I was placed. His mother took methadone while she was pregnant. Andrew was brought to the ward because he was presenting with some withdrawal symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting, fever, hyperactive reflexes, seizures and blotchy skin colouring. Doctors suspected neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) on Andrew. This occurs in newly born babies whose mothers abuse illegal or prescription drugs while pregnant. When the mother takes the drugs, the drugs will get passed through the placenta to the baby, this causes the unborn baby to be addicted to the drugs along with the mother. The baby will still be dependent on drugs whilst in the mother’s womb. After birth the baby will show some withdrawal symptoms because they will no longer be exposed to drugs (Vucinovic et al 2008). Andrew had severe symptoms which means he needed to be constantly monitored. Substance-using pregnant wome n represent a high-risk population; their substance-use has an impact on their own health and wellbeing as well as that of the developing foetus (Oikonen 2012). Babies born to a substance-using pregnant mother have high chances of developing withdrawal conditions in the immediate post-partum period; this is known as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) Part of my role as a nursing student in that unit was to observe the principles of nursing practice to ensure patients and their families are fully informed and provided with help that they needed to make decisions about their children’s care. Andrew’s mother was still using methadone and was known to be very reluctant and disengaged with healthcare resources and needed to be prompted about Andrew’s needs during her presents on the ward. Sometimes she would leave the baby unattended without informing the nursing staff of her whereabouts. There were also some situations whereby Andrew’s mother was kept away from Andrew especially when she is under the influence of drugs. It was our duty to ensure safety is maintained at all times. I am going to be looking at how principles D, E and G were reflected on the care provided to Andrew and his family. Principle D states that nursing staff should provide and promote individualised care that enables patient centred approach. The patient centred approach is about looking at an individual’s personal preferences and concerns. This should include patients, families, service users and their carers and involve them in decisions and help them make informed choices about their treatment and care (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE 2012). In Andrew’s case family centred care was also provided. Family centred care aims to work with a child’s parents or guardians in order to effectively meet the child’s needs (Bowden el al 2011). According to HM Government (2004) on Every Child Matters, children will have the best outcomes through agencies working in partnership with families. The Children Act (2004) emphasises the need for all chi ldren’s services authorities in England to be aware of the importance of parents and other person’s, caring for children when trying to improve a child’s well-being. The benefit of partnership working needs to be communicated clearly to families and reinforced with positive practitioner’s attitudes, approaches and plans. Andrew’s mother was not always there for him, but the nursing staff made sure that she was regularly updated about Andrew’s condition and the treatment available for him. She was also reassured that there was a good family team which was ready to assist her whenever she needed help. Information concerning her own condition was also provided to her to enable her to get help and support that is tailored made for her. We were able to understand Andrew’s mother as an individual and show compassion and commitment in the provision of care as stated by the Chief Executive General Secretary of the RCN (RCN 2012). A care plan which looked at Andrews care needs was produced by the nurses. This helped all the nurses who cared for Andrew see what his individual needs were. This care plan promoted person centred care because it just looked at Andrew’s condition and what his needs were. NHS Commissioning Board encouraged all staff, nurses and midwives to embrace the values of nursing care and comply with the 6Cs. The 6 Cs where brought about by a strategy called Compassion in Practice introduced by the NHS Commissioning Board and DOH. These include caring, compassion, commitment, courage, competence and communication (Ford 2012). According to Chief Nursing Officer for England, the values are there to make sure nursing staff provide their patients with the best care with compassion and clinical skill (Cummings 2012). As a future child nurse, my first priority was Andrew. According to the safeguarding children, a person working in a sector where there is contact with children and/or their families has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. I and all the other nursing staff worked closely with each other and all multidisciplinary teams (MDT) involved in Andrew’s care to ensure care and treatment was delivered in high standards, communication was also maintained to allow continuous care across teams. This is stated in Principle G of the principles of nursing practice and in addition to this, the NMC (2008) expect nurses to refer patients to another practitioners when it is in the best interest of someone in their care. Andrew was referred to other professionals such as dietician to meet his nutritional needs, social worker to safeguard him and have access to other agencies that provide services to vulnerable children and physiotherapist. The physiotherapist was there because Andrew had Metatarsus Adductus which is a deformity of the feet. He was demonstrating and educating the mother about exercises she could give Andrew in order to help his feet. He also advised her to keep mobilising Andrew so that he can have the ability to move his limbs. Principle E states that all nurses should be at the centre of all communication. They should assess documents and report on treatment and care. They should sensitively and confidentially handle information, be able to effectively deal with complaints and should always report situations they are concerned about (RCN 2008). Effective communication was very much maintained when Andrew’s care was concerned and throughout the MDT. Andrew’s mother would always be updated when there was any change in Andrew’s health or care. She was informed about Andrew’s treatment and all other information such as referrals to other professionals regarding Andrew’s condition. During these episodes, there were some people visiting and some calling the ward claiming to be Andrew’s close relatives, they also requested some information about Andrew’s condition, but we could not provide them with any medical information because all the nursing staff were aware o f confidential issues. An element of education was also given to his mother because it seemed like she did not know a lot about Andrew’s condition. The nursing staff on the ward also maintained a record of Andrew’s mother’s movements and behaviour for Andrew’s safety. During my stay in this placement area, I had the opportunity to witness a MDT meeting. They held a case conference regarding Andrew’s welfare. The meeting was held because Andrew’s mother wanted to be transferred to a hospital closer to Andrew’s father in order to get some support. This meeting involved other professionals and agencies such as nurses, social workers, doctors, police, health visitors and the safeguarding children’s team. The agenda of the meeting was to decide on whether to transfer Andrew and his mother to fulfil her wish and also to share information concerning safeguarding and protecting the welfare of Andrew. Every child matters (2009) expresses how effective information sharing by professionals is essential to protecting and promoting the welfare of children. In this meeting I observed all participants contributing information regarding Andrew’s care. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF 2013), every ch ild in the UK has the right to be healthy. UNICEF works with families, communities and the government to protect the rights of children. It works with the government to ensure that laws and policies work in the best interest of children (UNICEF 2013). In this process Principle G was being applied, which states that all nurses and nursing staff should work collaboratively within their team and hand in hand with other professionals. They should make sure care and treatment provided for patients is co-ordinated and of high standard with the best possible outcome (RCN 2008). Principle G encourages collaborative practice, which is when different health care professionals work alongside each other in order to deliver the best quality of care. It lets health care professionals connect with other professionals who may have the skill achieve goals other professional cannot (World Health Organisation 2010). My rationale for choosing Andrew and his family as the subject of this essay was for me to reflect on his case. It was a very interesting experience which gave me an opportunity to carry out a research on matters of safeguarding children. I have acquired some knowledge and understanding about NAS and the issues around the care of children and the application of the principles of nursing practice. In this episode of care, I have learnt a lesson in situations that staff nurses need to be aware of when planning to deliver and develop patient care. I have also learnt that patient centred care is essential when carrying out my duties in my future role as a child nurse (Dougherty and Lister 2011). As a student nurse I am now aware of the importance of applying principles of nursing practice that help guide nursing staff to deliver good care. I also learnt to be understanding and non judgemental when it comes to patients and their families. Spouse et al (2008) highlighted the requirement of commitment to be an effective tool for nurses, in order to develop effective relationships with patients and their families and also being concerned about their well-being and best interests. She also expressed the importance of nurses’ availability and open to patients and avoiding distancing themselves from patients. This essay has explored three principles of nursing practice in relation to my practice placement experience. A case study of a patient and family provided with care has been discussed and professional, legal and ethical frameworks that underpin nursing practice have been provided. However, nurses should ensure that the principles of nursing practice are always observed in order to allow the delivery quality care. References Bowden V and Greenberg C (2011) Paediatric Nursing Procedures: Principles of Family-centred care Every Child Matters (2009) Change for children available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/257876/change-for-children.pdf (accessed on 26 March 2014) Ford S (2012) All NHS staff told to embrace nursing 6Cs (online) at http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/management/all-nhs-staff-told-to-embrace-nursings-6cs (accessed on 20 March 2014) HM Government (2004) Every Child Matters: Change for Children available at http://m.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=13383p=0 (accessed on 26 March 2014) Dougherty L and Lister S (2011) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical nursing Procedures 8th edition Wiley-Blackwell Manley K, Watts C, Cunningham G and Davies J (2011) Principles of Nursing Practice: development and implementation Nursing Standard 25 (27): 35-37 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct of Professional Conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics NMC Oikonen JM, Montelpare WJ, Bertoldo L, Southon S and Persichino N (2012) The impact of clinical practice guideline on infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome British Journal of Midwifery 20 (7): 493-501 Royal College of Nursing (2012) The Principles Of Nursing Practice (online) at http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice/principles (accessed on 20 March 2014) Spouse J Cook M and Cox C (2008) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing 4thedition Churchill Livingstone Vucinovic M, Roje D and Vucinovic Z (2008) Maternal and neonatal effects of substance abuse during pregnancy: our ten year experience. Yonsei Medical Journal 49(5): 705-713. http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/pressreleases/PatientExperienceQSAndGuidance.jsp UNICEF (2013) Working for Children worldwide (online) at http://www.unicef.org.uk/ (accessed on 26 March 2014 Nursing Commissioning Board (2012) Compassion in Practice Nursing, Midwifery and Care Staff Our Vision and Strategy, Available at http://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/compassion-in-practice.pdf (Accessed 13 March 2014) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435188 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/articlej/007313.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435188 http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Guidance/NMC-Guidance-on-professional-conduct-for-nursing-and-midwifery-students.PDF http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/management/new-set-of-principles-for-nursing-care-launched/5022099.article http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/349549/003875.pdf http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice/principles#content http://m.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=13383p=0 HMGovernment(2004)Every Child Matters: Change for children.London: Department for Education and Skills, Available at http://www.infed.org/archives/gov_uk/every_child_matters.htm Page 1 of 9

Opposing Forces in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness essays

Opposing Forces in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sets up the opposing forces of black and white in order to convey the theme that every man has his own heart of darkness that is simply masked by the superficial light of civilization. The novella focuses primarily on Charlie Marlow's journey into the African Congo, but simultaneously deals with many underlying themes. Marlow understood the basic premises of imperialism, but was unprepared for the world he encountered while in the wilderness. The world of the African jungle does not abide by the same laws with which Marlow had been raised in civilized Europe. There is an inherent savagery in the jungle that Marlow had not previously encountered and therefore for which he was unprepared. This is first apparent when Marlow encounters the shaded death grove early on in his journeys. Marlow witnesses the natives suffering immensely for what seemed to be nothing - their work seemed for naught - but he does not speak up or stop his trek. This is also the first time that the reader gets a glimpse of the underlying oppositions within the text. Marlow glances at one of the dying natives, one with a piece of white European yarn tied around his neck. In the area that is the O... ...Jan. 1996). Online Internet. 3 October 1998. Available: http://www.lawrence.edu/~johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York: Norton, 1988. Levenson, Michael. "The Value of Facts in the Heart of Darkness." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 40 (1985):351-80. Rosmarin, Adena. "Darkening the Reader: Reader Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness." Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's, 1989. Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. San Diego: U. of California P, 1979. 168-200, 249-53.   

Reconstruction or Deconstruction Essay -- American America History

Reconstruction or Deconstruction Following The War for Southern Independence the radical Republicans of the North took unjust measures over the conquered and impoverished social structure, economy and governments of the defeated southern states. In fact, the whole idea of "reconstruction" was in fact "deconstruction". Reconstruction was not to "heal the nation's wounds," or to economically revitalize the South (which it did not). Indeed, Reconstruction was economically destructive to the South. The purpose was to continue the economic plundering of the Southern states for as long as possible, and to establish a national Republican party political monopoly. Congress Passes the Reconstruction Act On March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act and thus abolished local civil government in the southern states. It divided the southern states into five military districts-each commanded by a battalion of Federal troops to insure that southern whites were held in total subjugation to every radical Republican policy of the northern politicians. During this reconstruction period many Northerners came southward to take unfair advantage of a destroyed economic and governmental structure in order to gain political and or financial advantage. These greedy opportunists were self-seeking in their quest to exploit the South. With no regard what so ever to the quiet, peaceful Southerners the Northerners attempted to implement their beliefs and ways of life upon the grieving Southerners. Carpetbaggers "Carpetbaggers were supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed all their weordly goods into a carpetbag suitcase at the war's end and had come South to seek personal power and profit (2)." Although these carpetbagger... ...es offered no financial assistance to the Confederate veteran, while at the same time passing laws "legalizing" their misappropriation of public finds for their own selfish gain. Aftermath Following the war, what lasted from 1865 to 1866 was the greatest trial that the South had to bear, not excepting the terrible ordeal of war. No people had to undergo so dark a period with such complications. The cost to the South was great, but her citizens didn't lose hope, yet began to work with a will to revoke all improper and corrupt legislation, to restore economy in public expenditures, to reduce taxation, to do away with useless offices, to make schools efficient, and to build up waste places. History will certainly condemn the legislation that entailed such misery, such corruption, and such extravagant expansion of the money of an impoverished and crushed people. Reconstruction or Deconstruction Essay -- American America History Reconstruction or Deconstruction Following The War for Southern Independence the radical Republicans of the North took unjust measures over the conquered and impoverished social structure, economy and governments of the defeated southern states. In fact, the whole idea of "reconstruction" was in fact "deconstruction". Reconstruction was not to "heal the nation's wounds," or to economically revitalize the South (which it did not). Indeed, Reconstruction was economically destructive to the South. The purpose was to continue the economic plundering of the Southern states for as long as possible, and to establish a national Republican party political monopoly. Congress Passes the Reconstruction Act On March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act and thus abolished local civil government in the southern states. It divided the southern states into five military districts-each commanded by a battalion of Federal troops to insure that southern whites were held in total subjugation to every radical Republican policy of the northern politicians. During this reconstruction period many Northerners came southward to take unfair advantage of a destroyed economic and governmental structure in order to gain political and or financial advantage. These greedy opportunists were self-seeking in their quest to exploit the South. With no regard what so ever to the quiet, peaceful Southerners the Northerners attempted to implement their beliefs and ways of life upon the grieving Southerners. Carpetbaggers "Carpetbaggers were supposedly sleazy Northerners who had packed all their weordly goods into a carpetbag suitcase at the war's end and had come South to seek personal power and profit (2)." Although these carpetbagger... ...es offered no financial assistance to the Confederate veteran, while at the same time passing laws "legalizing" their misappropriation of public finds for their own selfish gain. Aftermath Following the war, what lasted from 1865 to 1866 was the greatest trial that the South had to bear, not excepting the terrible ordeal of war. No people had to undergo so dark a period with such complications. The cost to the South was great, but her citizens didn't lose hope, yet began to work with a will to revoke all improper and corrupt legislation, to restore economy in public expenditures, to reduce taxation, to do away with useless offices, to make schools efficient, and to build up waste places. History will certainly condemn the legislation that entailed such misery, such corruption, and such extravagant expansion of the money of an impoverished and crushed people.

The Selfish King in Shakespeares King Lear Essay -- King Lear Willia

The Selfish King in Shakespeare's King Lear In Shakespeare's King Lear a king is stripped of his land, wealth, soldiers, and all of his power because he is stubborn, egocentric, and unkind. Other than losing money and power he loses his three daughters as well. Lear?s pride is so overwhelming that he is unwilling to allow anyone to contradict him. If anyone (besides his fool) even remotely hints that his actions were wrong he gets unnecessarily enraged. King Lear acts very harshly to his daughters and should receive the appropriate punishment. Although King Lear completely deserves what he gets and has put his youngest daughter through so much torture, he is not entirely awful. He is a respectable king who people look up to. When Kent informs Lear of his drastic mistake Lear?s pride takes control of him and he banishes his loyal friend, Kent. Kent is almost like a brother to Lear. He is Lear?s most trusty friend and basically the king?s right hand man. Because Lear is so arrogant and proud, he will not accept any disagreement from anyone. Kent explains to Lear that he has made a mistake in banishing Cordelia and Lear explodes with fury at Kent. This is the response Kent receives in return for correcting the king. ?To come betwixt our sentence and our power, which nor our nature nor our place can bear, our potency made good, take thy reward: ?turn thy hated back upon our kingdom. If ?thy banished trunk be found in our dominions, the moment is thy death.? (I.1.194-202). King Lear is saying that Kent is now a traitor, and since he points out a mistake in the king?s judgment he should be banished. If Kent shows his body in Lear?s kingdom once again h... ...ecisions. When Kent reveals that banishing Cordelia was an unwise decision Lear exiles Kent, his most trusted friend. There are many terrible deeds that Lear commits, but also has several unpleasant ones committed on him by his daughters. Even though there are horrible things done to king Lear, the terrible things that Lear do outweighs them. Lear deserves his punishment, should live up to his mistakes, and do whatever he can to correct those mistakes. Works Cited and Consulted Schneider, Ben R. Jr. "King Lear in Its Own Time: The Difference That Death Makes." Early Modern Literary Studies 1 (1995). Shakespeare, William. "King Lear." William Shakespeare: the Tragedies, the Poems. Ed. John D. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. Stern, Jeffrey. ?King Lear: The Transference of the Kingdom.? Shakespeare Quarterly, 1990. Folger Shakespeare Library.

Summary Creating Shared Value

Creating Shared Value Michael E. Porter, Mark R. Kramer; Harvard Business Review Summary The article â€Å"Creating Shared Valueâ€Å", written by Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer and published in the â€Å"Harvard Business Reviewâ€Å" in January 2011 deals with the idea of innovating the purpose of a corporation and their relationship to the government and social environment in order to identify unknown customer needs and expand the total pool of economic and social value.In the introduction the authors explain that the problem of the contemporary, narrowed capitalistic conception is the reduced trust that people have in business, which is seen as the reason for all kinds of environmental, societal and economic problems. In this neoclassical view, social responsibility is seen by businesses as a constraint in economic success which arises costs; conducting business as usual was seen as spending enough social benefit. Many companies tried to increase their profits by means o f restructuring and personnel reductions; at the same time, communities only perceived little benefit.But according to Kramer and Porter, the competitiveness of a company and the wealth of a community is closely interrelated. On the one hand, Firms need a strong social environment to have enough demand and to be able to benefit from public assets, on the other hand communities gain workplaces by having strong businesses. Firms set corporate responsibility programs only to improve their image and as cheap as possible, not because they regarded it as a productivity driver.Further more, they define themselves as â€Å"globalâ€Å" and often do not have a home base which the authors declare as â€Å"something profoundly importantâ€Å" in strategy theory in order to create value. Companies neglected the interrelation between a distinctive value creation and societal needs and focused more on the industry. For this reason the government had to arise laws restricting the success and c ompetitiveness of the companies, disregarding that nowadays firms in the global economy can easily move elsewhere.Porter and Kramer criticize the business models of most of the companies which focus on short-term profit maximization in contrast to long-term optimization, partially because the market forces them to do that, and did not pay attention to the most important customer needs and broader influences. It seemed that society and economy for a long time worked against each other. In the same time they request the companies to take the initiative in bringing business and society back together by focusing more on societal issues.This idea is not about charity but about understanding the markets and competition. The authors call this model the â€Å"principle of creating shared valueâ€Å". Increasing the shared value in this context is a self-interested concept to set policies and practices advancing the competitiveness of a company by means of enhancing the connection between economic as well as social conditions in their home community with the final goal to increase the total economic as well as societal value.A necessary condition for managers is to develop new skills and knowledge about social affairs, but the government also has to adapt in a way that gives companies the opportunity to act profitable under these circumstances. The authors go a step further and describe the three distinct ways every company has to create societal as well as economic value. They also interact in a way that improving in one of them means rising opportunities in the other. The first issue is reconceiving products and markets.It means that companies have to find out current unmet societal needs their products embody and try to fulfill them because innovations are nowadays the best business opportunities both in advanced and developing economies. An important point is that demand in this case is not static but very dynamic so that those opportunities arise frequently. Fir ms can reposition themselves quite often in order to absorb the grown potential. Especially in disadvantaged communities the demand is so high that firms can profit substantially by selling a large quantity to low prices; but sometimes new or redesigned roducts made for developing communities can also have applications to traditional markets. As a second way to create shared value the authors mention redefining and reexaminating productivity in the value chain which is largely influenced by societal issues. Misuse in those issues and externalities are costly both to the environment and the business. Firms can use synergies between economic and societal issues to raise satisfaction and create shared value.Previously, a change in environmental performance was avoided because it arose too many short-time expenses, but nowadays it is clear that it can even increase product quality and aviod costs. This new thinking is also enabled by renewals in technology and may unlock new, unexplored economic value. In a following step, Porter and Kramer mention parts of the value chain where changes can be made and were already observed, for example the reexamination of energy use or logistics, especially shipping routes. Besides, heightened environmental awareness ensures new methods of resource use and advantages all parts of the value chain.In the procurement area the traditional thinking of commoditization and price competition by only purchasing from small businesses in low wages countries changes into accessing to inputs and taking part in product production to ensure product quality and customer satisfaction. New distribution methods are developed to create shared value and lower environmental costs, e. g. iTunes or Kindle. Instead of holding down wage levels and diminishing health costs, many companies have learned that increasing the satisfaction and the welfare of their workers have a more positive impact on their results then called savings.Because of high transport ation and energy costs, a firm's location gains more and more in importance and now all steps of the value chain tend to be closer together. The third way to create shared value, after Kramer and Porter, is enabling the local cluster development. A cluster, a geographic concentration of businesses and institutions, is seen as a necessary condition to maintain productivity and competitiveness because no company can be self-contained. So business is dependent on their environment, e. g. consisting of nfrastructure and supporting companies, and has to work on it. A lack of framework conditions arise internal costs, such as costs of logistics or the possible pool of workers, and has to be identified and mended by the company. Another key condition is the formation of open and transparent markets. As mentioned before, the company's success is closely interrelated to their community; consequently a functioning cluster in their home base and further investments on it have multiplier effect s such as increasing demand and job creation.Their theory recognizes that societal needs define markets. Besides, social harms creating internal costs for firms can be prevented through increasing in technology and operations management. As a result, firms can even act more productive and expand their market environment. An important note is that the main goal is not to increase personal value but the total economic and social value, so this is not an issue about restructuring but developing shared value. While this article focuses more on the perspective of the companies, it also affects government and civil society.Considering all the facts creating shared value is a meaningful concept to influence simultaneously societal and economic progress in order to raise total benefits. But not all profits are equal. The authors claim profits involving a social purpose because to their opinion these profits endure; they call it â€Å"right kind of profitâ€Å". As result, Kramer and Porte r expect the next wave of global growth. The opportunities to create shared value are given, but perceiving the chance is up to the companies themselves and can be part of nearly every decision.

Act 3 scene 3 is a Pivotal Scene In The Play Othello Essay

I develop been analyse the shrink from Othello, written by William Shakespe atomic number 18. As p cheat of my coursework, I intend to snap bring 3 senti ment 3 of the mutant as a important jibe. This lengthy expectation is the near substantive throughout the play, as it builds on preliminary sluicets, and foreshadows flushts still to get by.The lapseing constituents at bottom this owing(p) and well written play be Othello who is besides hunch overn as the fix, a black Afri give the axe prince animate in a European, colour-prejudiced society, who is lead by Iago into takeing that his wife is treacherous to him. Desdemona Othellos white Venetian devoted wife, still due to a trickery Iago, is surmise of infidelity and shovel ined by her hubby. Iago Othellos ensign (standard be arr), who deviou sleek plants indecision in Othellos feeling against his constant wife. Cassio Othellos lieutenant, who is excessively whileipulated by Iago, who wished for the amaze of the secures lieutenant. genus Emilia Desdemonas maid and Iagos wife, who is loyal to twain her cocotte andhusband, thus removed she is also chargeed due to her the aline to her husband. Roderigo A Venetian, who is also in wonder with Desdemona, al whizz is systematic every last(predicate)y cheated by Iago, and Brabantio Desdemonas come, who is shadowy when he hears of his daughters unification to a black while.We first come crosswise coiffure 3 mount 3 building on foregoing events when Desdemona reconciles Cassio and assures him that she forget do e trulything she bed to great deal out her husband reinstate him to his former amaze as Othellos lieutenant.Be super C assurd, fully(a) Cassio, I will do all my abilities in thy behalf.This is the irony in her character that her sense of goodness will eventually be the ca exercise of her death, as Othello starts to suspect her. This builds on Iagos monologue in typify 1 painting 3, where he reve als to the reference that he intends to take a shit suspicion in Othellos approximation that Desdemona is having a secret descent with Cassio,that Desdemona is having an encounter with Cassio, as she has no other originator as to wherefore she has gone underpin on her promise.Othellos quick vital nature is revealed as he dismisses Cassio in subprogram 2 Scene 3, with a few words from Iago as to why Cassio became quarrelsome with Roderigo.I drive in Iago, thy frankness and love doth mince this matter, making it g comprehend to Cassio. Cassio, I love thee, notwithstanding neer more than be officer of mine.Iagos aim with this incident was to have a cause, for advising Cassio to jibek Desdemonas assistance, so that Othello suspicion of their relationship would extend, however instantaneously that he is also familiar with Othellos nature, he builds upon it in flake 3 video 3, necking that it would non be arduous to lead Othello to thinking that his wife is unfait hful to him.Desdemonas litigates at the beginning of good turn 3 burst 3, as she move from cassio, builds upon Brabantios words of reprehending to Othello,look to her Moor, if thou hast eyes to look, she has deceived her father, and whitethorn theeAs Iago check offs Cassio parting from Desdemona, he prompts Othello, by globeifestationHa I give care not that.This instantly reminds Othello of Brabantios earlier warning. If she deceived her father, the man who had loved and cherished her all her life, what would eat up her from deceiving her husband? From this Othello starts to play into the hands of Iago as he starts to suspect Desdemona, making him expect the meaning of Brabantios words more logically.Iagos devious character begins to unravel, as he informs the sense of hearing of his reign of terror in his soliloquy, at the end of Act 1 scene 3.Set on thy wife to observeOthellos self-assertion for Desdemona totally vanishes throughout Act 3 scene 3, and through the manipulation of Iago. The compute that he had that he had before of Desdemona, Oh my honeyed is now a Lewd teaser. Due to his lack of copeledge near her actions his arouse builds up and again we can full tailor how Othello has been brainwashed. Othello becomes ignorant to the fact that Desdemona is his wife, as he is not willing to listen to her purviews however he is adamant to realize of Iagos thoughts. He would normally chink nothing wrong in Desdemonas thoughts, however since Iago had made him begin to enquiry he looks for confirmation of his wifes infidelity e realwhere. This shows the d admitfall of his conjugation, as he has no faith go forth-hand(a) within his marriage and his wife.Iago puts his plan straight into action at the beginning of Act 3 scene iii when he and Othello are walking towards their wives. Iago notices Cassio walk a instruction from them, so he uses this meeting to begin to induce Othello of Desdemonas infidelityOthello tries to clear hi s own thoughts of Cassio, by questioning Iago,Othello Indeed? Ay thence. greetst thou ought in that? Is he not estimable?Iago,men should be what they motionThis is teetotal because Iago is preaching to the highest degree ingenuousness however he himself does not know the meaning of the word unbiasedy. Once Iago has told Othello he thinks men should be honest he begins to comment on Cassios honesty,For Michael Cassio, I dare be sworn I think that he is honestwhy thus, I think Cassios an honest manIt also creates the impression that Iago is loath(p) to speak ill on the orbit of Cassio who Othello thinks to be Iagos loyal and align friend. Iago again uses repetition to taunt Othello, and urge Othello to question more. Iago uses this device to make Othello see Cassio as an enemy, and himself to be loyal, therefore he may become Othellos lieutenant.Iago then advises Othello, to beware of jealousy, however this is ironic as Iago himself planted the source of jealousy into Othellos mind, notwithstanding is also warning him.O beware, my lord, of jealousy It is the green eyed-monster which doth mock the kernel it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss..Iago is again indisposed(p) to speak, as he does not part Othello straight that his wife is having an conflict. Iago mentions that cuckold, he is referring to Othello, as a cuckold genuinely meant a man cheated familiarly by his wife, which he hints to Othello. only, Othello asks for test copy as he stills think that she may be honest.Iago comments on the importance of a personality, (which Othello has),Good stimulate in man and charr, dear my lord, is the spry jewel of their souls. only if he that filches from me my good name robs me of that which not enriches him and makes me poor indeedHere Iago is threatening Othellos repute by assigning that a reputation is e precisething therefore it is his duty to protect that reputation, that jewel, which may be stolen by Cassio. However, this is rattling ironic as iago himself is stealing the jewel, and destroying Othello and Desdemonas reputation. later on dropping all the pebbles, Iago, leaves Othello in a state of confusion, jealousy and despise towards Desdemona, and Cassio. Othello is left alone and reveals in his short soliloquy his emotions and doubtsWhy did I marry..From this soliloquy we can see that iagos plan bets to be working as planned, as Othello doubts his marriage and love. Here we can see a complete change in Othellos character, as at the beginning of the scene Othello is tout ensemble in love with Desdemona, but by the end of the scene Othello is left regretting the day he married her. black market and colour were an important issue in Shakespeares time, and especially in this play, as Desdemona a white Venetian char chose to marry a black African prince. Desdemona was not attracted to some(prenominal) other men however sheAct three scene 3, is a pivotal scene as it builds on previous events which I have already explained, and also foreshadows events that later chance in the play, which I shall explain now. later on Iagos interference, Othello returns to his bed elbow room where he is quetch of a trouble,I have a pain upon my forehead hereOthello is organism ironic here, as he has a headache but not that which Desdemona thinks, the headache is authenticly due to the false accusations of Desdemonas infidelity. Desdemona tries to comfort Othellos pain in his head, however as she is go forth the room with Othello she drops her hankie, that which Othello first gave to her. As they leave Emilia, (Desdemonas mistress) is left cleaning their room when she sees the hankie, and sustains it. She gives the hanky to her husband Iago, who had been requesting for it, (unaware of Iagos plan) in despondency of his approval, as he had never authorized Emilia full-heartedly. Iago was in need of the hankie as he knew Othello was not set to believe him without proof.This event foreshado ws the destruction of Othello and Desdemona, as this later becomes march for what Iago had been reading nigh Desdemona and Cassios aff descent, and Othellos suspicion is sour to doubt as Cassio is seen wiping his whiskers with it, intentionally presented by Iago. Othello (who is churn up) confronts Desdemona nigh the hankie in Act 3 scene 4. Othello demands for the handkerchief, but Desdemona does not have it. She explains to him that she has misplaced it, however Othello does not believe her. Desdemona unknowingly infuriates Othello more, as she again brings up the topic of reinstating Cassio. Othellos speech is very short and repetitive,Othello earn me the handkerchief. My mind misgivesDesdemona .. Youll never meet a more sufficient manOthello The handkerchiefDesdemona I pray, talk me of cassioOthello The handkerchiefAs we see here, Othellos speech is short, and the handkerchief is repeated three times, this shows his un receivedty about the wholly situation.The green-e yed monster which was mentioned by Iago in Act 3 scene 3, foreshadows Othellos jealous character throughout the rest of the play, as jealousy takes throw of him. Iago continues to encourage Othellos jealousy in Act4 scene1, as Othello overhears Iago mootly teasing Cassio about some woman, whom Othello assumes to be Desdemona. In Act 4 scene 1 we see Desdemona explaining to Lodovico (a messenger), that Cassio is no farseeingstanding Othellos lieutenant, and that she thinks that Cassio should be reinstated, however Othello does not seem to agree,..I would do much tatone them, for the love I bear to cassioDesdemona is showing her loyalty to Cassios friendship however Othello is outraged with what she says, and what he had heard earlier, which results in him hit Desdemona. This shows Othello becoming the green-eyed monster, which Iago had already warned him of in Act 3 scene 3.Emilia was seen to be loyal throughout the whole play, to both her husband and mistress. This loyalty to h er husband was the main cause of her death in the final act, as she gave the ultimate proof of Desdemonas innocence to her husband, in despondency of his approval, and as he had requested for it, which shows that she was world loyal to her husband as she did incisively as he required. This one mistake, which was do unknowingly also led to her mistress death, as it was this one piece of inference which could have saved her from her brutal death.The hatred we see towards Cassio in Act 3 scene 3 foreshadows Othellos dismissal in friends, as cassio was a crocked friend of many others, therefore when Iagos real character is unveiled in the final act, everyone takes Othello to be a very low person as he was manipulated by Iago, into thinking that his wife, who was in actual fact barren, was being unfaithful to him. Roderigo who was also close to Othello was killed due to Iago. Desdemonas execution of instrument was also caused due to the hatred towards Cassio, and this lead to th e dismissal of his position, as everyone felt that Othello was not worthy of carrying out his job with respect. Othellos friends, his wife and his reputation were his life, which he befogged due to his insecurities, and manipulation by the null Iago.In conclusion the fact that so much significant and crucial part take place in Act 3 scene 3 elicits that it is very important to the rest of the play, as it truly starts to develop the plot and themes we have seen ontogenesis throughout earlier scenes. This is the scene when we see Iago has successfully manipulated Othello into believing that Desdemona has not been faithful to him, this is very significant to the rest of the play as it affects everything Othello feels and says from this point onwards. r.In Act troika Scene 3 Iago persuades a man who loves his wife completely that she is having an affair with one of his most trusted subjects without victimization one shred of proof or any real basis. This is a man who can make th e most innocent of people guilty and the most loved, hated. He uses many tactics to persuade Othello that Desdemona is chess on him with Cassio, the reason, is revenge. Scene 3 is the most important scene to the rest of the play because it accelerates the plot.Othello is a black man in the play, of extremely high authority he is a proud army general who is looked upon with respect by the state and many leading Dukes. He first comes across to the hearing as being very composed and a gentle character towards others. However in Act leash Scene 3, Othello?s character takes a striking transformation, from a harming, considerate man, to a man complete with hatred and full of energy for revenge.Our first impressions of Iago are that he is a very sly and cunning man. However in Act III Scene 3 we see the true extent of his evil nature and his manipulating skills. Iago is prompt by jealousy. Iago expresses choler and remorse that the knowing Cassio is promoted to lieutenant above him by Othello. He considers himself much more worthy of the position because of his superior experience and expresses and intense liking to get his revenge on Othello. Iago tells the interview in one of his soliloquies I hate the Moor, and he shows his hatred of Othello in the opening scene of the play. Iago refers to Othello as the Moor, and makes many racist comments about him such(prenominal) as Barbary horse and an old black ram. However Iago uses many proficiencys to completely transform Othello?s character.Firstly, Iago plants seeds of suspicion in Othello?s mind, and continues to water and nurture them throughout the whole scene, until he has completely destroyed Othello. For instance, Iago?s first words in Act III Scene 3 are ?Ha I like not that?. He is clearly severe to imply that something is going on mingled with Desdemona and Cassio. He is doing this in a very sly manor. This clearly illustrates the fact that one of Iago?s techniques is to arouse suspicion.?I know our Country Disposition wellIn Venice they do let God see the pranksThey dare not show their husbands Their outstrip conscienceIs not to leave?t un stop oute but keep?t unknown?. Here Iago plays on Othello?s insecurities. He makes a brief rehearsal saying that Venetian women?s consciences don?t tell them that having affairs is chastely wrong scarcely that they must keep them well hidden from their husbands. Othello knows all besides well that Desdemona is a Venetian woman and Iago is employ this to imply that since Desdemona is a Venetian woman, what would excuse her from acting the way the legal age do. The only reason this technique is so effective is because Othello does not come from Venice but instead a land outlying(prenominal) away. He feels like an outsider at this comment and knows little of Venetian employment and tradition. As Iago so boldly states he knows ?our country disposition well? and as far as Othello is concerned he is a trustworthy source of information.?? life to her, Moor, if thou has eyes to seeShe has deceived her father and may thee?.Iago says ?She did deceive her father marrying you, and when she seem?d to shake and fear your looks, she?d love them most?. This clearly mean to remind Othello of Brabantino?s earlier warning. If she deceived her father, the man who had loved and cherished her all her life, what would stop her from deceiving her husband? The audience at this point suspect that Othello would be preferably distraught at this proposition.By repeating certain words Iago also emphasises their meaning to Othello. ? full? is an important word because it is the centre of the conversation. Is Cassio honest? By repeating this word it may seem to Othello that Iago thinks he?s not. ? prize? could also be an important word. destine leaves no room for doubt, you are not certain he is honest.Iago later behinds to hold back his thoughts and lets Othello try to dwindle him drink down into saying them. By Iago playing this sly game, it makes Othello more intrigued to know his thoughts he uses Othellos curiosity against him. Another technique Iago uses to warn Othello is jealousy.?Oh beware, my lord, of Jealousy,It is the green-eyed Monsterwhich doth mock the vegetable marrow it feeds on?.Whilst pretending to maintain his lawfulness by not telling Othello, Iago now releases monster. He had said nothing that would evidence that Othello should have reason to be jealous, but by warning him now of jealousy, he suggests that there may be something about which to be jealous. Iago does this to show his pretence troupe towards Othello, as if hes spirit out for him when really its quite the converse.This however builds great tenseness towards the audience because the audience don?t know what Othello is thinking right at this instant due to the fact that Iago has planted the seed of jealousy into Othello?s mind leaving him confused.One of Iagos final techniques in undermining Othellos trust in Desdemona is his use of imagery to sicken Othello. Iago uses images of goats and mon primevals to represent Cassio and Desdemona and describes them having a sexual relationship together. Iago also is victimization this speech to think of a way that he can prove to Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are in fact gnarled in a sexual relationship together. Iago also is using this speech to think of a way that he can prove to Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are in fact involved in a sexual relationship together. Some may describe Iago as Wasting time here and plan what he will do and say to Othello next. Iago cooks up the perfect plan, this involves Cassio sleep talking. As Iago has Othellos full trust, Othello does not even consider this not to be true.Iago confesses to Othello that in sleep I heard him say Sweet Desdemona. Iago also tells of Cassios sexual advance on him to further anger Othello. Iago has now given Othello the perfect evidence and as Othello now trusts Iago completely he will belie ve it. The last dramatic device which Iago uses to make Othello feel even worse is add the handkerchief into the agenda. He comments on a handkerchief which he has seen in Cassios lodgings, Iago also gives Othello the look of Cassio using this important pass on and family air loom to Othello, also his first gift to his wife Desdemona to see Cassio wipe his beard with.This image angers Othello completely. However this will be a time of great emphasis for the audience as they wait with contain breath to see what will move on next. They will reflect on how bestial the torturer is being to his victim and be mesmerised but appalled by how able Iago is ?having everything planned so neatly. They would very much want Othello not to jump to conclusions.This is where Act III Scene 3 dead ends, with Iago swearing to serve Othello in everything. The scene finishes with Othello declaring he will kill Desdemona and appointing his newfound companion Iago as his lieutenant? tinkers dam her , lewd minx O, accurse her, damn herCome, go with me apart. I will move backTo furnish me with some sift core of deathFor the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant?.This ending is very unexpected and almost infuriating as it leaves the audience in shock because only they know that Othello is making the wrong decision, all due to Iagos malicious and scheming ways. The scene is also quite upsetting for the audience, as the reality of Desdemonas deliberate death is just around the corner, and they know she is the innocent, yet a condemned victim. Othello also instructs Iago to kill Cassio too, as in Othellos mind Cassio is as much to blame as his dishonest wife they are both works of pure evil.CONCLUSIONThe key moment in this scene where the audience knows for certain that Othello is convinced is when Iago belittles Othello and Desdemonas relationship, regarding it in its most instinctive form, a sexual relationship. Othello however approaches it as serious and loving relationshi p, ? Nor to comply with heat the young affects in me defunct and proper satisfaction But to be free and bounteous to her mind. That is why the audience is particularly amazed that Othello resorts to animalistic images too.Othello refers to Desdemona as haggard, a toss that cannot be tamed. He also refers to himself as a toad this is a far cry from the man who stood in front of the Duke and other important men of Venice declaring his love. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has lost his say-so and is no longer self-assured. As he becomes more and more angry his gibe through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to handsome his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago and this may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show the audience the depth of Othellos jealousy, the woman he loved he now criticize.However the mos t effective method that Iago uses to convince Othello of Desdemonas infidelity is by using one of Othellos most value possessions and telling Othello that his wife, Desdemona has given it away to her lover, Cassio. The handkerchief was the first gift he gave to Desdemona, so it possesses enormous sentimental value to Othello. purpose out that Desdemona has given it away shows her as inimical. It must have hurt and fierce him, after all the woman he loves and is married to has given away without a care for him, would almost certainly anger him, for in Othellos mind she has thought the handkerchief to be a hollow piece of cloth. This is enough proof for Othello to be convinced that Iago is telling the truth and for him to kill both Desdemona and Cassio.